I guess it could be a bug in the font, but if it was a font problem I would expect it to fail if I printed directly from Word/Excel/Visio too. The problem seems to lie with the way Acrobat handles the fonts I would think - but my background isn't software.
I have read online that Cambria and Calibri are both larger fonts - each with more than 2048 glyphs. Is it possible that the font is too large for Acrobat to keep track of all of the characters? Can the embedded subset (I can't get the entire Calibri font to embed, it only shows up as an embedded subset) not be able to hold all of the characters needed to print the document? Is there a limit to the number of glyphs that can be embedded in a font to not have the subset?
One "oddity" that I noticed is that I have several temporary fonts after I print a pdf file that show up in my fonts menu in word. Selecting that font gives similar, but not the same, response - some missing text. The fonts come up with a name of Z@RB2F5.tmp or similar. Googling the first portion of the string makes this appear that these are temporary files/fonts created by Acrobat during the printing process. Why are these created? What information do these temporary fonts contain? Is it possible a mismatch between these temporary fonts and the Calibri/Century/Cambria fonts are causing the printing problems?